Low contaminant compositions

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are antimicrobial vaccines comprising oligosaccharide β-(1→6)-glucosamine groups.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to compositions comprising oligosaccharideβ-(1→6)-glucosamine groups. These vaccine compositions that provideimmunity against microbes possessing a cell wall structure thatcomprises polymeric N-acetyl-β-(1→6)-glucosamine structures wherein upto about 20 percent of said N-acetyl groups in the polymer aredeacetylated (“PNAG structures”).

STATE OF THE ART

Vaccines comprising oligosaccharide β-(1→6)-glucosamine antigensattached to a toxoid carrier through a linker are known. These vaccinesgenerate antibodies in vivo that are cytotoxic to microbes that comprisePNAG structures in their cell wall. The so generated antibodies combinewith complement and other components of the immune system to kill thesemicrobes.

Vaccines that employ tetanus toxoid as the carrier having multiplecopies of an oligosaccharide bound thereto are disclosed in U.S. Ser.No. 10/713,790 which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. Conventionally, attachment of oligosaccharide groups to thetoxoid is through a covalent linker to reactive amino groups (e.g., —NH₂as found on lysine residues) on the toxoid. Although the chemistry iswell established, there are a number of complications in dealing withtoxoid chemistry.

First, tetanus toxoid is prepared by treating tetanus toxin with achemical such as formaldehyde that renders it non-toxic but stillantigenic. Formaldehyde reacts with reactive amino groups on the toxin.In addition, amino acids such as glycine and lysine are added tostabilize the toxoid and inhibit reversion back to the toxin. Second, inaddition to unreacted amounts of glycine and lysine, the manufacturingprocess results in fragments of the toxin/toxoid shedding into thetoxoid composition. These fragments contain one or more amino groups.

Tetanus toxoid is then reacted with a spacer arm having two functionalgroups—a first functional group that combines to reactive amino groupson the toxoid and a second functional group, orthogonal to the firstfunctional, that will react with a complementary functional group on theaglycon. In addition, the spacer arm increases the distance between theto be added oligosaccharide and the toxoid. The oligosaccharide aglyconis then combined with the tetanus toxoid loaded with spacer arms to formthe vaccine compound. This is illustrated in the following reactionscheme:

where n represents the number of moles of the bifunctional spacer arm, prepresents the number of spacer arm-Y that are added to the toxoid andis not greater than n, and q represents the number of linkeroligosaccharide groups combined with the tetanus toxoid provided that qcannot be greater than p. Note that the aglycon attached to theoligosaccharide and the spacer arm attached to the toxoid combine toform the linker.

One problem in the above reactions arises from the presence of theseamino group containing contaminants in the toxoid composition duringcoupling of the oligosaccharide aglycon to the toxoid. Specifically,these amino groups can also react with the first reactive functionalityon the spacer arm which then allows the second reactive functionality onthe spacer arm to react with the complementary functionality on theaglycon resulting in both a loss of oligosaccharide aglycon as well asgeneration of undesired impurities in the vaccine composition. This isillustrated in the following reaction:

where m is the total content of amino groups, m′ is a fraction ofreacted amino groups and is less than the total amino content m; and m″is the fraction of reacted oligosaccharide linked to the contaminant andis less than m′.

These oligosaccharide-linker-NH-contaminants are undesirable especiallythose having a molecular weight of about 100,000 or less.

In addition, tetanus toxoid is prone to oligomerization such that thetoxoid can exist in monomer, dimeric, trimeric and higher oligomericform (e.g., 4-10 toxoid units). At increasingly higher oligomerization,the number of oligosaccharides capable of binding to the toxoid on a permonomer basis decreases as the available surface area on a per monomerbasis decreases due oligomerization. Accordingly, oligomers of thetoxoid such as trimeric and higher are less desirable. While tediouspurification processes can provide monomeric tetanus toxoid, theseprocesses are complicated by the fact that the monomers will tend toagain oligomerize overtime.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, this invention provides for a vaccine compositioncomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and an effectiveamount of a vaccine that comprises at least 10 and preferably from about10 to about 40 oligomeric-β-(1→6)-glucosamine groups linked units onto atetanus toxoid carrier via a linker said oligomer comprises from 3 to 12repeating β-(1→6)-glucosamine units provided that less than about 40number percent of the total number of such units are N-acetylated

wherein said vaccine composition comprises less than 3 percent ofdetectable impurities each having a molecular weight of less than100,000;

further wherein said composition comprises monomeric and dimeric toxoidwith less than 10 percent of detectable higher oligomers; and

still further wherein said composition is maintained at a temperaturesufficient to inhibit oligomerization of the toxoid while not inducingdenaturation.

In one embodiment, this invention provides for a vaccine compositioncomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and an effectiveamount of a vaccine that comprises at least 25 and preferably from about30 to about 40 oligomeric-β-(1→6)-glucosamine groups linked units onto atetanus toxoid carrier via a linker said oligosaccharide groups comprisefrom 3 to 12 repeating β-(1→6)-glucosamine units provided that less thanabout 40 number percent of the total number of such units areN-acetylated

wherein said vaccine composition comprises less than 3 weight percent ofdetectable impurities having a molecular weight of less than 50,000;

further wherein said composition comprises monomeric and dimeric toxoidwith less than 5 percent of detectable higher oligomers, and

still further wherein said composition is maintained at a temperaturesufficient to inhibit oligomerization of the toxoid while not inducingdenaturation.

In one embodiment, this invention is directed to vaccine compositionscomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and an effectiveamount of a vaccine compound of formula I:

(A-B)_(x)-C   I

where A comprises from 3 to 12 repeating β-(1→6)-glucosamine units ormixtures thereof having the formula:

B is of the formula:

where the left side of the formula is attached to C and the right sideis attached to A; and C is tetanus toxoid;

-   x is an integer from about 10 to about 40;-   y is an integer from 1 to 10; and-   R is hydrogen or acetyl provided that no more than 40% of the R    groups are acetyl, wherein said composition comprises less than 3    percent of detectable impurities having a molecular weight of about    100,000 or less;

further wherein said composition comprises monomeric and dimeric toxoidwith less than about 5 percent of detectable higher oligomers,

still further wherein said composition is maintained at a temperaturesufficient to inhibit oligomerization of the toxoid while not inducingdenaturation.

In one embodiment of the vaccine composition describe above, the vaccinecompound employed therein is represented by formula II:

(A′-B)_(x)-C   II

where A′ is a penta-β-(1→6)-glucosamine (carbohydrate ligand) group ofthe formula:

and B, C and x are as defined above.

In one embodiment, the vaccines of this invention provide for effectiveimmunity to a patient from microbes comprising polymericN-acetyl-β-(1→6)-glucosamine groups in their cell wall wherein up toabout 20 percent of said N-acetyl groups in the polymer aredeacetylated.

In one embodiment, this invention provides for a method to imparteffective immunity to a patient from microbes comprising polymericN-acetyl-β-(1→6)-glucosamine groups in their cell wall wherein up toabout 20 percent of said N-acetyl groups in the polymer are deacetylatedwhich method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition asdescribed herein to said patient.

Representative vaccine compounds of this invention are set forth in thetable below:

Percent N- Example Y C acetylated x A  2 Tetanus 0% 10 toxoid B  3Tetanus 0% 15 toxoid C  6 Tetanus 12.5% (1 of 8) 20 toxoid D 10 Tetanus  25% (3 of 12) 10 toxoid E  3 Tetanus   20% (1 of 5) 20 toxoid F  4Tetanus   33% (2 of 6) 30 toxoid G  3 Tetanus   20% (2 of 5) 35 toxoid H 3 Tetanus 0% 40 toxoid

In one embodiment, the compositions of this invention comprise no moreabout 0.5 weight percent of oligosaccharide-linked contaminants having aparticle size of less than 1 micron wherein said weight percent is basedon the weight of vaccine compound.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the ¹H NMR for compound 17 (as described below).

FIG. 2 illustrates the ¹³C NMR for compound 17.

FIG. 3 provides a HPLC trace of the conversion of the disulfide,compound 16, to two equivalents of the monosulfide, compounds 17.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides for pharmaceutical compositions comprisingoligosaccharide β-(1→6)-glucosamine groups.

The vaccine compositions described herein provide effective immunity toa patient against microbial infections wherein said microbe comprisesoligomeric N-acetyl-β-(1→6)-glucosamine structures in its cell wallswherein up to about 20 percent of said N-acetyl groups in the polymerare deacetylated.

Prior to describing this invention in more detail, the following termswill first be defined. If a term used herein is not defined, it has itsgenerally accepted scientific or medical meaning.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described eventor circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includesinstances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where itdoes not.

The term “about” when used before a numerical designation, e.g.,temperature, time, amount, concentration, and such other, including arange, indicates approximations which may vary by (+) or (−) 10%, 5%,1%, or any subrange or subvalue there between. Preferably, the term“about” when used with regard to a dose amount means that the dose mayvary by +/−10%.

“Comprising” or “comprises” is intended to mean that the compositionsand methods include the recited elements, but not excluding others.“Consisting essentially of” when used to define compositions andmethods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essentialsignificance to the combination for the stated purpose. Thus, acomposition consisting essentially of the elements as defined hereinwould not exclude other materials or steps that do not materially affectthe basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention.“Consisting of” shall mean excluding more than trace elements of otheringredients and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each ofthese transition terms are within the scope of this invention.

As used herein, “percent detectable impurities” is an area percent. Thisdoes not include higher oligomers. The assay to assess the area percentis set forth in Example 6 below. The impurities are assessed as % oftotal area attributable to them with, for example, size exclusionchromatographic analysis. The referenced impurities may be separated andcontrolled by size exclusion chromatography and by other molecularweight cut-off filtration processes. The buffers salts, pH and processconditions may be used to ensure desired characteristics, quality andstability.

As used herein, “inhibit oligomerization of the toxoid in the vaccinewhile not inducing denaturation,” refers, in part, to operationalparameters for working with monomeric and/or dimeric toxoid vaccines.For example, the monomer and/or dimeric toxoid may exhibit long termstability against oligomerization when the vaccine compositionsdisclosed herein are stored at temperature in a range from about 2° C.to about 8° C. Denaturation of the vaccine compositions disclosed hereinmay occur, in some embodiments, when the compositions are stored at 0°C., or lower. Likewise, oligomerization of monomeric and/or dimerictoxoid can occur if the vaccine composition is stored at temperaturesabove 8° C. or more likely above 20° C.

As used herein, a “detectable impurity” refers to low molecular weightimpurities (molecular weight of less than 100,000) that arise fromtoxoid degradation and can be measured via chromatographic separationwith a detector. In embodiments, the chromatographic separation may beby filtration, size exclusion chromatography and the like. Detectors mayemploy UV detection means, refractive index, or the like. Similarly, the“percent of detectable higher oligomers” may be determined in a similarfashion by chromatographic techniques coupled with detection.

As used herein, “oligosaccharide-linked and amino containingcontaminant” refers to two forms of contaminant that may be formed dueto the presence of trace amount of lower molecular weight impurities.Oligosaccharide-linked contaminants include adducts formed betweendegradation impurities present in toxoid preparations and the linkingreagents used for oligosaccharide attachment to the toxoid. Thus,oligosaccharide-linked contaminants include amine-containing degradationproducts from toxoid preparation linked through one or more amino groupsof the degradation product to a spacer arm that makes up a linker, andan oligosaccharide that ends up attached to the spacer arm distal to theamino group of the contaminant. These by-product adducts consumereagents intended to react with the monomeric and/or dimeric toxoid,thus depleting the supply of reagent. Any deficiency in reagent can leadto the second form of contaminant, namely “amino containingcontaminants” which are unreacted amino groups that reside on the toxoidof the final vaccine composition. Embodiments herein are provided thatminimize these products through phased filtration methods describedherein.

The term “β-(1→6)-glucosamine unit” or “glucosamine unit” refers toindividual glucosamine structures as follows:

where he 6-hydroxyl group is condensed with the 1 hydroxyl group of thepreceding glucosamine unit and where the dashed lines represent bindingsites to the preceding and succeeding glucosamine units. When combinedwith another “β-(1→6)-glucosamine unit, the resulting disaccharide hasthe structure:

The term “β-(1→6)-glucosamine unit possessing an N-acetyl group refersto the structure:

where the 6-hydroxyl group of a second unit is condensed with the1-hydroxyl group of the proceeding glucosamine unit.

The term “oligosaccharide comprising a β-(1→6)-glucosamine group” refersto that group on the vaccine compound that mimics a portion of the cellwall of pathogenic bacteria which are defined to be “oligosaccharideβ-(1→6)-glucosamine structures” (as defined below). Again, such groupsare limited to 3 to 12 β-(1→6)-glucosamine units wherein up to 40% ofsaid units can possess a N-acetyl group. In one embodiment, less than30% of said β-(1→6)-glucosamine units are N-acetylated. In anotherembodiment, less than 20% of said β-(1→6)-glucosamine units areN-acetylated. Still, in another embodiment, less than 10% of saidβ-(1→6)-glucosamine units are N-acetylated. Yet still, in anotherembodiment, none of said β-(1→6)-glucosamine units are N-acetylated.

The term “oligosaccharide comprising N-acetyl β-(1→6)-glucosaminestructures” or “polysaccharide comprising N-acetyl β-(1→6)-glucosaminestructures” refers to those structures found in the cell wall ofmicrobes wherein up to about 20 percent of said N-acetyl groups in thepolymer are deacetylated. The microbial wall contains a large number ofthese structures that are conserved across many microbial lines. Thesestructures are predominantly N-acetyl β-(1→6)-glucosamine but includeregions of deacetylated saccharides due to the action of enzymes such aspoly-beta-1,6-D-glucosamine-N-deacetylase. As such, the vaccines of thisinvention generate antibodies that comprise those that target suchdeacetylated oligosaccharide regions. Without being limited to anytheory, antibodies against such deacetylated saccharides are cytotoxicin vivo against such microbes.

The terms “vaccine composition” or “pharmaceutical compositions” as usedherein refers to pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds offormula I and II above including adjuvants and a pharmaceutical carrier.These compositions also comprise limited amounts ofoligosaccharide-linked and amino containing contaminants including thosewherein the amount of such contaminants is no more than 3 percent,preferably, less than 2 percent and, more preferably, less than 1percent. These compositions provide effective immunity against anymicrobe that comprises oligosaccharides/polysacchariodes havingN-acetyl-β-(1→6)-glucosamine structures in its cell wall. Thus, unlikeclassic vaccines that vaccinate against a single bacteria, the vaccinecompositions described herein are capable of providing effectiveimmunity against any microbe possessing the oligosaccharide structuredescribed herein. Such microbes include, without limitation,Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, antibiotic resistantbacteria (e.g., methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus), fungi, andthe like.

The term “effective immunity” as used herein refers to the ability of adefined amount of the vaccine composition to generate an antibodyresponse in vivo that is sufficient to treat, prevent, or ameliorate amicrobial infection wherein said microbe containsoligosaccharides/polysaccharides comprising N-acetyl-β-(1→6)-glucosaminein its cell walls.

The vaccines compounds refer to the compounds of formula I and II. Thesecompounds may exist as solvates, especially hydrates. Hydrates may formduring manufacture of the compounds or compositions comprising thecompounds, or hydrates may form over time due to the hygroscopic natureof the compounds. Compounds of this invention may exist as organicsolvates as well, including DMF, ether, and alcohol solvates amongothers. The identification and preparation of any particular solvate iswithin the skill of the ordinary artisan of synthetic organic ormedicinal chemistry.

The term “toxoid” refers to monomeric and oligomeric tetanus toxoidforms. The presence of oligomeric tetanus toxoid components reduces theaverage number of exposed reaction amino groups as the surface area ofeach monomeric toxoid in the oligomer is reduced by oligomerization. Inturn, this results in lower factors for the oligosaccharide bound to thetoxoid. Vaccine compositions disclosed herein comprise toxoids that arein monomeric and/or dimeric form. In embodiments, a ratio of monomer todimer is in a range from about 10:1 to about 1:10, or from about 5:1 toabout 1:5, or from about 2:1 to about 1:2.

“Subject” refers to a mammal. The mammal can be a human or non-humanmammal but preferably is a human.

“Treating” or “treatment” of a disease or disorder in a subject refersto 1) preventing the disease or disorder from occurring in a subjectthat is predisposed or does not yet display symptoms of the disease ordisorder; 2) inhibiting the disease or disorder or arresting itsdevelopment; or 3) ameliorating or causing regression of the disease ordisorder.

“Effective amount” refers to the amount of a vaccine composition of thisinvention that is sufficient to treat the disease or disorder afflictinga subject or to prevent such a disease or disorder from arising in saidsubject or patient.

“Reactive amino functional group” refers to a primary amino groups(—NH₂) that are found on lysine and guanidine side chains of tetanustoxoid but do not include amido (—NHC(O)—) groups found in peptidelinkages or amido side chains of tetanus toxoid such as that found inglutamine.

“Low molecular weight amino compounds” refer to amino containingcompounds that are present as contaminants in a tetanus toxoidcomposition including fragments of the toxoid, buffers containing aminogroups, reaction quenchers such as lysine, glycine, ammonium sulfate,and the like, toxin detoxifying agents such as formalin, and other aminocontaining reagents that have been in contact with the tetanus toxoid.Typically, such low molecular weight reactive amino compounds have amolecular weight of less than about 100,000 and preferably less than10,000.

General Synthetic Methods

The compounds of this invention can be prepared from readily availablestarting materials using the following general methods and procedures.It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred processconditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios ofreactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other processconditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reactionconditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, butsuch conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routineoptimization procedures.

Additionally, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art,conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certainfunctional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. Suitableprotecting groups for various functional groups as well as suitableconditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groupsare well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups aredescribed in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups inOrganic Synthesis, Third Edition, Wiley, N.Y., 1999, and referencescited therein.

The starting materials for the following reactions are generally knowncompounds or can be prepared by known procedures or obviousmodifications thereof. For example, many of the starting materials areavailable from commercial suppliers such as SigmaAldrich (St. Louis,Mo., USA), Bachem (Torrance, Calif., USA), Emka-Chemce (St. Louis, Mo.,USA). Others may be prepared by procedures, or obvious modificationsthereof, described in standard reference texts such as Fieser andFieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-15 (John Wiley, andSons, 1991), Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5, andSupplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989), Organic Reactions,Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley, and Sons, 1991), March's Advanced OrganicChemistry, (John Wiley, and Sons, 5^(th) Edition, 2001), and Larock'sComprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989).

Synthesis of Representative Vaccine Compounds of the Invention

The general synthesis of the vaccine compounds of this invention areknown in the art and are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/713,790 as well as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,786,255 and 8,492,364 each ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In one embodiment for the vaccine compounds described herein, theβ-(1→6)-glucosamine group is limited to from 4 to 6 units and preferably5 units, e.g., y=2 to 4 in formulas I.

In some embodiments, the compounds are homogeneous in that y is a singleinteger selected from 1 to 10, inclusive. Thus, compounds disclosedherein may be designed to be homogeneous with y=to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, compounds of formula I may be designedto be heterogeneous with two or more values for y, such as a mixture ofy=1 and 2, or y=2 and y=3, or y=3 and y=4, or y=4 and y=5, or y=5 andy=6, or y=6 and y=7, or y=7 and y=8, or y=8 and y=9, or y=9 and y=10.Such pairings of y need not be contiguous. Thus, compounds may includemixtures of y=1 and y=3, or y=1 and y=4, or y=2 and y=4, or y=2 and y=5,and so on in any combination of 2 or more different values for y. Insome embodiments, compounds may be heterogeneous with 3 or more valuesfor y, or 4 or more values for y, or 5 or more values for y, up to all10 different values for y. In some embodiments, each incidence of y isindependent in compounds of formula I.

In some embodiments, two or more compounds of formula I may be used in apharmaceutical composition in which each individual compound of formulaI is homogeneous in y, while the other compound(s) of formula I has/havea different y value. In such an embodiment, the homogenous compoundsemployed are simply mixed together at a defined weight percentage. Forexample, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise a compound of formulaI in which y=1 in a mixture with a compound of formula I in which y is2. When pharmaceutical compositions or methods include a heterogenousmixture of compounds of formula I, the mixture can be one that isdefined in terms of the relative weight percentages of each compound offormula I. For example, the mixture can include 50 weight percent of acompound of formula I with y equal to 1 and 50 weight percent of acompound of formula I with y equal to 2. Any combination of compoundstotaling 100% is contemplated, for example, 1, 2, 3 4, 5 or morecompounds each with a different y value can be mixed with known relativeweight percent totaling 100%. Accordingly, any combination of weightpercentages of compounds of formula I can be used in the pharmaceuticalcompositions and methods disclosed herein. Thus, for a combination oftwo compounds of formula I, the percentage can be expressed as a ratioof the two compounds and can be in any range from 0.1:99.9 to 99.9:0.1,inclusive, and any values there between, such as 1:99, 5:95, 10:90,15:85, 20:80, and so on up to 99:1, including fractional values.Similarly, when 3, 4, 5, or more compounds of formula I in apharmaceutical composition are used, the relative weight percentages ofeach compound can vary from 0.1 weight percent to a maximum of 99 weightpercent provided that the total amount of the different compounds offormula I add up to 100%.

The formation of the linker group is achieved by art recognizedsynthetic techniques exemplified but not limited to those found in U.S.Pat. No. 8,492,364 and the examples below. In one embodiment, a firstportion of the aglycon is attached to the reducing β-(1→6)-glucosamineunit retains a thiol (—SH) group as depicted below in formula III:

where y is an integer from 1 to 10 and optionally no more than 40% ofthe amino groups are N-acetyl groups.

Preparation of Tetanus Toxoid

Tetanus toxoid is commercially available in varying degrees of puritywhere the toxoid invariably contains significant amounts of aminoderived contaminants. These contaminants include fragments of the toxoidreleased by enzymatic or hydrolytic processes that contain aminofunctionalities as well as amino derived contaminants from unreactedglycine and arginine added during conversion of the toxin to the toxoid.

In addition to low molecular weight contaminants, an initial toxoidpreparation may contain varying amounts of toxoid monomer, dimer, trimerand higher oligomers. When present in the toxoid preparation, oligomerscomprising three or more monomers units compromise the ability togenerate high loading factors of oligosaccharide. The loading factor isthe number of units of oligosaccharide that are attached to a givenmonomer or dimer toxoid unit. It was surprisingly found thatcompositions of tetanus toxoid monomer and dimer allow for suitableloading factors obviating the need for separating monomer toxoid fromdimeric toxoid. However, higher oligomers should be removed and inembodiments, higher oligomers should make up less than 5% of detectablehigher oliogmers. The higher oligomers and low molecular weightcontaminants can be removed through phased (or sequenced) filtrations,while providing a product having acceptable loading factors. Inembodiments, purified toxoid preparations disclosed herein have loadingfactors of at least 25, and preferably at least 30. Lower loadingfactors are often the result of impurities reacting with oligosaccharidelinking chemistry, thereby reducing the loading factor based on astoichiometry of using a 35-fold excess of linking reagents relative totheoretical available sites for reaction on monomer plus dimer toxoid.Note, the issue of impurity presence is not simply solved by use of verylarge excesses of reagents. This is because it is both not economicaland can result in intractable purification issues due to non-specificbinding of oligosaccharide reagents to the toxoids.

In embodiments, methods are provided that employ phased filtrations tominimize both high molecular weight impurities that include higheroligomers of the toxoids and low molecular weight impurities thatinclude toxoid degradation products. In embodiments, methods of phasedfiltration include filtering with one or more 3 to 5 micron pore sizefilters. These filters capture higher oligomers while passing monomersand dimers of the toxoid. In embodiments, such filtrations can be phasedin the sense that a first filtration can be performed, for example, witha 5 micron filter, and then filtered through a 4 micron filter, and thena 3 micron filter. At 3 microns or more, it is expected that themajority of the dimer and monomer of the toxoid will pass through thefilter, while the filter material traps the higher oligomers. Withoutbeing bound by theory it is postulated that filters having a 3 micronpore size or more will allow passage of the toxoid monomer or and someof the dimer because the monomer has been characterized as being about2.5 microns long and about 0.5 microns wide.

In another filtration phase, low molecular weight impurities may beremoved by using a filter that is 2.5 microns or less in pore size. Inembodiments, the low molecular weight impurities are removed by passingthe toxoid mixture through, e.g., a 2.5 micron pore size filter, wherethe monomer and dimer forms of the toxoid remain on the filter and lowmolecular weight impurities pass through the filter. In embodiments, thesecond phase to remove low molecular weight impurities comprises the useof a 2 micron filter, or in other embodiments a 1.5 micron filter. Inembodiments, the pore size to remove low molecular weight impurities canalso be phased, such as decreasing pore size from 2.5 microns down to1.5 microns.

In embodiments, both phases of filtration to remove high and lowmolecular weight impurities can be performed prior to performing anyfunctionalization chemistry to generate oligosaccharide-toxoid covalentadducts. Accordingly, in embodiments, a method of making a vaccinecomposition disclosed herein comprises passing a toxoid preparationthrough a first filter to remove higher oligomeric impurities whereinthe dimeric and monomeric toxoid pass through the first filter, thenafter the passing through the first filter, passing the toxoidpreparation through a second filter to remove low molecular weightimpurities, wherein the monomeric and dimer toxoids are held on thefilter and the smaller molecular weight impurities pass through thefilter. In embodiments, after both filters have been used, the monomericand dimeric toxoid mixture is reacted with a spacer arm that willgenerate a linker to which oligosaccharide may then be attachedcovalently. Filters having the appropriate pore size are well known inthe art and are commercially available from Spherotech, Inc., LakeForest, Ill., USA, www.spherotech.com/contact.htm.

In embodiments, the low molecular weight impurities may be removed firstby using the smaller filter pore size, followed by removal of highermolecular weight impurities with the larger filter size.

In embodiments, reaction chemistries to link oligosaccharides can beperformed between any filtrations step. For example, in embodiments, afirst filtration can be performed to remove small impurities and thehigher oligomers along with monomer and dimer may be reacted with spacerarm and then oligosaccharide attached. The second phase filtration canthen be carried out on the adduct to remove higher oligomers. Similarly,the higher molecular weight impurities alone may be removed, followed byoligosaccharide adduct formation, and then the adduct purified withsecond phase filtration of the lower molecular weight impurities. Thoseskilled in the art will appreciate, however, that by removing low andhigh molecular weight impurities prior to oligosaccharide attachmentchemistry will maximize the efficacy of reagent reaction where it isdesired, namely on the amino groups of the monomeric and/or dimerictoxoid.

As will further be appreciated by those skilled in the art, theoligosaccharide attachment described herein is performed in two stepsand the phased filtrations may be performed before and/or after thefirst step that attaches the spacer arm. Thus, the spacer arm may beattached after either a high molecular weight filtration, a lowmolecular weight filtration, or both. Thus, the final oligosaccharideattachment chemistry may follow any intervening filtrations step. Theamino groups of the contaminants initially react with the spacer asdescribed above to form an intermediate that is reactive with theaglycon also as described above to form an amino derived contaminantthat contains an oligosaccharide. These contaminants can populate thevaccine composition remnant in amounts typically ranging up to 20 weightpercent based on the weight of the toxoid.

The second portion of the linker is attached to the tetanus toxoid inthe following manner as depicted in formula IV.

In this formula, separate parts of tetanus toxoid are depicted bysquiggly lines and are only illustrative in nature and are not intendedto provide a complete structure of the toxoid. Any disulfide bridge isrepresented by a single line connecting the parts. For the sake ofclarity, only a single second portion of the linker is illustratedwhereas there are multiple such second portions covalently attached toamino groups found on the toxoid.

When the first and second portions of the linker are combined undercoupling conditions, a thioether linkage is formed. The reaction isconducted in an inert diluent optionally in the presence of a base so asto scavenge the acid generated. The thioether linkage connects the firstand second portions of the linker thereby providing for covalent linkageof the tetanus toxoid to the oligosaccharide β-(1→6)-glucosamine groupthrough the combined linker as illustrated below for a vaccine compoundwhere y is as defined herein.

wherein no more than 40% of the amino groups are optionally N-acetylgroups.

It being understood that the number of β-(1→6)-glucosaminegroup-linker-groups attached to the tentatus toxoid arestoichiometrically controlled so that about 31 to about 39 of suchgroups are bound to the toxoid thereby providing for the vaccinecompounds of this invention.

Methods, Utility and Pharmaceutical Compositions

The vaccine compositions of this invention are capable of initiating aneffective immune response against microbes that possess PNAGoligosaccharide β-(1→6)-glucosamine structures in their cell walls.After inoculation of a patient, an effective immune response developsabout 4 weeks later. After an effective immune response develops, thepatient is provided with protection against subsequent microbialinfections wherein the offending microbes have cell walls comprisingPNAG.

When so used, a vaccine composition of this invention is administered topatients at risk of a microbial infection arising from such microbes.Such patients include, by way of example only, those who are elderly,those with upcoming elected surgeries, those traveling to destinationswhere there is an outbreak of microbial infections, and the like. Thevaccine is typically administered to an immune competent patientintramuscularly with a suitable adjuvant to enhance the immune response.After the latency period has passed, the patient has acquired naturalimmunity against such microbes. Such immune competent patients have aneffective immune system that can generate an immune response to anantigen. Preferably, such patients have active white blood count (WBC)of at least about 1000 WBC per microliter, preferably at least about1500 WBC per microliter, more preferably at least about 2000 WBC permicroliter, even more preferably, about 3000 WBC per microliter and,most preferably, about 4000 WBC per microliter.

In another embodiment, the vaccine compositions of this invention can beused therapeutically particularly when the microbial infection islocalized and/or non-life threatening. In such a case, a vaccinecomposition of this invention is administered to patients suffering froma microbial infection arising from such microbes. The vaccine istypically administered to an immune competent patient intramuscularlywith a suitable adjuvant to enhance the immune response. Uponadministration, effective immunity is generated within about 4 weeks. Ifthe patient is still suffering from the infection, the natural immunityarising from the vaccine facilitates recovery.

When so used, the vaccine compositions of this invention areadministered in a therapeutically effective amount by any of theaccepted modes of administration for agents that serve similarutilities. The actual amount of the vaccine compound of this invention,i.e., the active ingredient, will depend upon numerous factors such asthe severity of the disease to be treated, the age and relative healthof the subject, the potency of the vaccine compound used, the route andform of administration, and other factors well-known to the skilledartisan.

An effective amount or a therapeutically effective amount of a vaccinecompound of this invention, refers to that amount of vaccine compoundthat results in a sufficient titer of antibodies so as to amelioratesymptoms or a prolongation of survival in a subject. Toxicity andtherapeutic efficacy of such vaccine compounds and vaccine compositionscan be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell culturesor experimental animals.

The vaccine compositions described herein are typically administered asan injectable sterile aqueous composition that comprise one or moreconventional components well known in the art including, by way ofexample only, adjuvants, stabilizers, preservatives and the like.

Combinations

The vaccine compounds and compositions of this invention can be used inconjunction with other therapeutic compounds or other appropriate agentsas deemed suitable by the attending clinician. In selected cases, thevaccine compound of this invention can be concurrently administered withantibiotics for treating a bacterial infection as well as agents thatenhance the immune response induced by the vaccine compound and/orcomposition. In the case of antibiotics, the selection of theappropriate antibiotic or cocktail of antibiotics and the amount to beadministered to the patient is well within the skill of the attendingphysician based on the specifics of the offending bacteria, the extentof bacterial infection, the age, weight, and otherwise relative healthof the patient. As is appropriate, the attending physician mayco-administer an immune boosting drug or adjuvant in combination withthe vaccines described herein.

The vaccine compositions of the invention may be administered with anadjuvant that potentiates the immune response to the antigen in thepatient. Adjuvants include but are not limited to aluminum compoundssuch as gels, aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate, and Freund'scomplete or incomplete adjuvant (e.g., in which the antigen isincorporated in the aqueous phase of a stabilized water in paraffin oilemulsion. As is apparent, the paraffin oil can be replaced with othertypes of oils such as squalene or peanut oil. Other materials withadjuvant properties include BCG (attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis)calcium phosphate, levamisole, isoprinosine, polyanions (e.g., polyA:U),lentinan, pertusis toxin, lipid A, Saponins, QS-21 and peptides, e.g.,muramyl dipeptide, and immuno stimulatory oligonucleotides such as CpGoligonucleotides. Rare earth salts, e.g., lanthanum and cerium, may alsobe used as adjuvants. The amount of adjuvant used depends on the subjectbeing treated and the particular antigen used and can readily determinedby one skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES

This invention is further understood by reference to the followingexamples, which are intended to be purely exemplary of this invention.This invention is not limited in scope by the exemplified embodiments,which are intended as illustrations of single aspects of this inventiononly. Any methods that are functionally equivalent are within the scopeof this invention. Various modifications of this invention in additionto those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in theart from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Suchmodifications fall within the scope of the appended claims.

The following terms are used herein and have the following meanings. Ifnot defined, the abbreviation has its conventionally recognizeddefinition.

Å=Angstroms

aq.=aqueous

Biotage=Biotage, Div. Dyax Corp., Charlottesville, Va., USA

bp=boiling point

CAD=charged aerosol detector

DCM=dichloromethane

deg=degree

DMSO=dimethylsulfoxide

eq.=equivalents

EtOAc=ethyl acetate

FEP=fluorinated ethylene propylene

g=gram

H¹-NMR=proton nuclear magnetic resonance

h=hour

HDPE=high density polyethylene

HPLC=high performance liquid chromatography

MeCN=acetonitrile

kg=kilogram

mbar=millibar

MeOH=methanol

mg=milligram

mL=milliliter

mM=millimolar

mmol=millimole

N=Normal

NBS=N-bromosuccinimide

NIS=N-iodosuccinimide

NMT=N-methyltryptamine

PP=polypropylene

qHNMR=quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance

RBF=round bottom flask

RO=reverse osmosis

SEC HPLC=size exclusion chromatography HPLC

SIM=secondary ion mass

TCEP=(tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine

TLC=thin layer chromatography

TMSOTf=methanesulfonic acid, 1,1,1-trifluoro-,trimethylsilyl ester

TT=tetanus toxoid

μL=microliter

μm=microns

w/w=weight to weight

w/v=weight to volume

Example 1—Tentanus Toxoid Phased Fitration

Samples of crude tetanus toxoid preparations comprising monomeric anddimeric toxoid are first passed through a 3 to 5 micron filter to removehigher oligomers. This may be performed in phases of decreasing filterpore size. Thus, the toxoid preparation can be passed through a 5 micronfilter, then a 3 micron filter. Alternatively, the toxoid preparationmay be passed through a 5 micron filter, then 4 micron filter, then a 3micron filter. The efficacy of a 5 micron filtration is assessed bylight scattering techniques which can be used to detect the presence ofhigher oligomers. As needed, a stepped filtration is added to removefurther higher oligomers. The resulting filtrate contains the monomerand dimeric toxoid. Where the chemistry for attachment ofoligosaccharide follows complete purification, the filtrate is thenpassed through a 2.5 micron filter to allow isolation of the monomer anddimer toxoid as a filter cake, while low molecular weight impuritiespass through with the filtrate. At each filtration step (high and lowmolecular weight), a rinse of the filter cake can be performed. c

Example 2—Attachment of SBAP to TT Monomer Step 1: Preparation ofN-BABA:

Commercially available beta-alanine, compound 1, is converted to N-BABA(bromoacetyl-β-alanine), compound 2, by reaction with at least astoichiometric amount of commercially available bromoacetyl bromide. Ina first container, β-alanine is combined into water with sodiumbicarbonate or other suitable base to scavenge the acid that will begenerated during the reaction. The aqueous solution is mixed at about20±5° C. until a solution is obtained. The solution is then maintainedat about 5±5° C. In a separate container, the requisite amount ofbromoacetyl bromide is added followed by the addition ofdichloromethane. The contents of the both containers are combined. Afterreaction completion, 6N HCl is added and mixed to a pH approximately 2.The resulting N-BABA is extracted from the solution by a suitablesolvent such as ethyl acetate. The organic layer is concentrated underconventional conditions such as under vacuum at an elevated temperaturesuch as 60° C. Heptane is then added to precipitate N-BABA that is thencollected on a filter and dried in a vacuum oven at 40° C. This productis used as is in the next step.

Step 2: Preparation of SBAP:

N-BABA, compound 2, is reacted with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) underconventional conditions well known in the art to generate SBAP, compound3. Specially, N-BABA is combined with at least a stoichiometric amountof NHS in a suitable inert solvent such as methanol, ethanol,isopropanol and the like. The resulting solution is stirred at about20±5° C. until a clear solution is obtained. N-Diisopropylcarbodiimideis then added to the reaction mixture and mix with the generation ofsolids. The system is then cooled to 0±5° C. and resulting SBAP isprovided by filtration. Further purification entails prechilling amixture of isopropanol and heptanes and washing the filter cakesfollowed by drying wet cake in a vacuum oven at about 30° C. Theresulting SBAP is used as is in the coupling reaction with the TTmonomer.

Alternatively, SBAP can be prepared in the manner set forth in U.S. Pat.No. 5,286,846, which patent is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. Specifically, the method described therein is provided by thefollowing synthetic scheme:

Step 3—Conjugation

Purified TT monomer, as described above, contains 43 lysineresidues/mole as quantified by a free amine assay. Reaction of TTmonomer with increasing concentrations of SBAP from 0 to 170 molarequivalents led to a corresponding decrease in the free amine contentover the range 15-110 molar equivalents of SBAP. A steady stateconversion was achieved at SBAP charges >110 equivalents. Assuming thatthe loss of free amines is directly proportional to loading of SBAPlinker, the linker density at saturation was estimated to be 43 molesSBAP/TT monomer. The monomer/aggregate content of the linker TT/monomerintermediate and protein concentration at each titration point was alsoassessed. The monomer content prior to linker addition was 99.7 percentand addition of increasing amounts of SBAP linker did not significantlychange the monomer level (no aggregate detected). Also, the recover ofprotein across the titration steps was similar. Based on this collectivedata, a value of 110 molar equivalents of SBAP for 1 hour at ambienttemperature was selected as appropriate reaction conditions for allsubsequent syntheses.

Example 3—Oligosaccharide Synthesis

Synthesis of Building Blocks

The reaction scheme below illustrates for the synthetic steps used toprepare compounds 3, 5 and 8 that are elaborated upon below.

Synthesis of Compound D.

Commercially available1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-N-phthalimido-β-D-glucopyranoside,compound C, (120.6 g, 252.6 mmol) and toluene (200 mL) were charged to a1 L Büchi flask and rotated at 40° C. until dissolved (<5 minutes). Thesolvents were evaporated and to provide for a foam. Toluene (200 mL) wascharged to the flask and rotated at 40° C. until dissolved (<5 minutes).The solvents were evaporated again until dry. A crystalline solidformed, sticking to the walls. Dichloromethane (800 mL) was charged tothe flask and rotated at ambient until dissolved; the resulting darkbrown solution was charged to a 5 L jacketed reactor and the flask wasrinsed into the reaction with additional dichloromethane (200 mL). Theheating/cooling jacket was set to 20° C. and the reactor contents werestirred mechanically. Ethanethiol (40 mL, 540 mmol) was dissolved in 50mL dichloromethane and added to vessel and the flask rinsed with 50 mldichloromethane into the vessel. Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (50mL, 390.1 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (50 mL) and added tothe reactor, rinsed with dichloromethane (50 mL) and added to vessel.The mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 2 h. The reaction was checked byTLC for residual C. Mobile phase was toluene: ethyl acetate (3:1, v/v),Product Rf ˜0.45, C Rf ˜0.3 with UV visualisation. If significantamounts of C were present extended reaction time was required.

Stirring was set to a high speed and 4M aq. sodium acetate (1.25 L, 5100mmol) was added. The phases were mixed well for 30 minutes. The pH ofthe aqueous layer was checked with a dipstick and confirmed to be ˜pH=7.Stirring was turned off and the reaction mixture was left standing for70 minutes.

The layers were separated and collected. The organic layer (bottomlayer, 1.2 L) and ethanol (840 mL, 14400 mmol) were charged to thereactor. The jacket was set to 60° C. and solvent distilled underatmospheric pressure (dichloromethane bp 40° C. and ethanethiol bp 35°C., receiver flask in ice-bath). When the distillation slowed the jackettemperature was increased to 70° C. After 1300 mL of distillate werecollected, a sample of the vessel content was taken and the ratio ofdichloromethane to ethanol determined by ¹H-NMR and confirmed to beunder 10 mol % dichloromethane. If more dichloromethane was presentfurther distillation would be necessary. Additional ethanol was added(400 mL) followed by seed crystals of D. The jacket was cooled to 5° C.over 30 minutes. The crystal slurry was stirred for 3 days at 5° C. Thesolids were collected on a sintered funnel and washed with petroleumether (60-80° C.): 1× 500 mL slurry, 1× 300 mL plug. The solids weretransferred to a 500 mL RBF and dried to constant weight (over ˜4 h) ona rotary evaporator (bath temperature 45° C.) providing an off-whitesolid. Expected Yield: ˜86 g (71% from C).

Synthesis of Compound 1

Anhydrous methanol (33 mL) was charged to a 50 mL round bottom flask.Sodium methoxide in methanol (30% solution, 25 μL, 0.135 mmol) was addedand the resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 5minutes. Ethyl3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-N-phthalimido-β-thio-D-glucopyranoside(compound D) (3.09 g, 6.44 mmol) was added in portions (˜200 mg) over 10minutes, at a rate that allowed the solids to dissolve during addition.The reaction was stirred at ambient temperature for 2.5 h. TLC (EtOAc)showed complete consumption of compound D (Rf=0.9) and formation of one,more polar spot: Rf=0.5. A sample was taken and submitted for reactioncompletion IPC by HPLC (2.5 μL reaction mixture in 0.8 mL acetonitrileand 0.2 mL water), pass condition was NMT 1.00 area % Compound D. Aceticacid was added (8 μL, 0.1397 mmol). The pH was checked with a dipstickand confirmed to be ˜pH 5-6. The mixture was concentrated on a rotaryevaporator (50° C.) to near dryness. EtOAc (15 mL) was added and themajority evaporated. The residue was dissolved/slurried in 15 mL EtOAcand removed from the rotary evaporator. 2 mL petroleum ether was addedand the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature. The crystal slurrywas stirred overnight. The solids were collected on a sintered funnel,washed with petrol (2×10 mL) and dried on rotary evaporator (45° C. bathtemperature) to constant weight. Expected Yield: 1.94 g (85% fromCompound D).

Synthesis of Compound 2

Compound 1 (2.040 g) was dissolved in pyridine (28 mL) and the solutionconcentrated to approximately half the volume (˜14 mL) in a rotaryevaporator at 40° C. bath temperature to give a yellow solution. Morepyridine was added (14 mL) and again the solution concentrated toapproximately 14 mL in the same manner. The solution was placed underargon and trityl chloride (2.299 g, 1.36 eq) was added before anair-cooled condenser was attached and the solution heated to 50° C. withstirring. After 4 hours an IPC was run (HPLC; 5 μL into 800 μL MeCN,residual compound 1 NMT 3.00 area %). As soon as the IPC was met thereaction was cooled to 10-15° C. Benzoyl chloride (1.60 mL, 2.34 eq) wasadded dropwise over a period of 20 minutes keeping the reactiontemperature below 20° C. Once addition was complete, the reaction wasallowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for at least 3 h. Atthis time an IPC was run (HPLC; 5 μL into 1500 μL MeCN, residual mono-Bzderivatives of compound 1 NMT 3.00 area % total). As soon as the IPC wasmet the reaction was cooled to 0° C. and quenched by the slow additionof methanol (0.8 mL), ensuring the reaction temperature remains below20° C. The quenched reaction was then warmed to ambient temperature.

The product mixture was diluted with toluene (20 mL) and stirred for 1hour at ambient temperature before the precipitate was removed byfiltering through a sintered funnel. The toluene solution was thenwashed with citric acid (20% w/w, 4×20 mL) followed by saturated NaHCO3(9% w/v, 20 mL) which resulted in a minor reaction with any residualcitric acid present. The toluene (upper) layer was then washed withbrine (20 mL) before being evaporated in a rotary evaporator at 40° C.bath temperature to give a yellow/orange syrup (6.833 g). The syrup wassubmitted for IPC (H¹ NMR, pass condition NMT 30 wt % residual toluene).Expected Yield: ˜6.833 g (147%).

Synthesis of Compound 3

Glacial acetic acid (648 mL) and ultrapure water (72 mL) were mixedtogether to give a 90% acetic acid solution. A portion of the aceticacid solution (710 mL) was added to crude compound 2 (111 g) along witha stirrer bar. An air cooled condenser was attached to the flask and themixture was then heated to 70° C. Due to the viscous nature of 2, themixture was not fully dissolved until 1 hour and 20 minutes later, atwhich point stirring began. After 2 hours an IPC was run (HPLC; 5 μLinto 800 μL MeCN, residual compound 2 NMT 3.00 area %). As soon as theIPC met the specs, the reaction was cooled to ambient temperature. Themixture was transferred to a sintered funnel and the precipitated tritylalcohol (31.09 g) filtered off using house vacuum. The flask was rinsedwith a further portion of 90% acetic acid (40 mL) and the total washingstransferred to a mixing vessel. Toluene (700 mL) and water (700 mL) wereadded and mixed thoroughly. The aqueous (lower) layer was a cloudy whitesolution and was tested for pH (it was expected to be <2). The wash wasrepeated twice more with water (2×700 mL; pH of ˜2.4 and ˜3respectively, colorless clear solutions). Saturated NaHCO₃ (9% w/v, 700mL) was added to the mixing vessel resulting in a minor reaction (gasevolution). The toluene (upper) layer was then washed with brine (700mL) before being evaporated in a rotary evaporator at 40° C. bathtemperature to give a yellow/orange solid/liquid mixture (86 g). Thismixture was dissolved in 400 mL toluene (300 mL+100 mL washings) andloaded on to a silica column (450 g silica) which was equilibrated with3 column volumes (CV) of petroleum ether:toluene (1:1, v:v). The columnwas eluted using a stepwise gradient, fractions of 1 CV (790 mL) werecollected. The gradient used was:

4 vol % ethyl acetate in petroleum ether:toluene (1:1 v:v, 4 CVs)

8 vol % ethyl acetate in petroleum ether:toluene (1:1 v:v, 12 CVs)

15 vol % ethyl acetate in petroleum ether:toluene (1:1 v:v, 4 CVs)

20 vol % ethyl acetate in petroleum ether:toluene (1:1 v:v, (4 CVs)

30 vol % ethyl acetate in petroleum ether:toluene (1:1 v:v, 1 CV)

The product eluted over 14 fractions. TLC was used to locate the productcontaining fractions. All fractions were submitted to IPC (HPLC, NMT1.50 area % of the peak at 10.14 minutes and NMT 1.50 area % of the peakat 10.94 mins). Fractions not meeting IPC were set aside for processingto compound 4. The combined fractions were evaporated in a rotaryevaporator at 45° C. bath temperature to give a colorless syrup.Expected Yield: ˜60 g, (78%).

Synthesis of Compound 4

Crude compound 3 (39.54 g, containing ˜21 g of compound 3, ˜37 mmol,taken just prior to chromatography of 3) was dissolved in toluene (7.2mL) and dry pyridine (14.2 mL, 176 mmol, ˜4.8 eq.) added to give ahomogenous solution. Acetic anhydride 7.2 mL (76 mmol, ˜2.1 eq.) wasadded and the mixture stirred for 18 h at 25° C.

During the reaction solids precipitate, some of this precipitate waslikely to be compound 4. The reaction was sampled for IPC, if the amountof compound 3 detected was >1.00 area % then further charges of drypyridine (1.4 mL, 17 equivs) were added and the reaction continued untilresidual compound 3 was ≤1.00 area % in the liquid phase.

The reaction was diluted with dichloromethane (112 mL) then water (2.8mL) and methanol (2.8 ml) were added. The mixture was stirred for 3 h at25° C. This stir period was shown sufficient to quench the excess aceticanhydride. The mixture was washed with citric acid monohydrate/water20/80 w/w (112 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted withdichloromethane (50 mL). The dichloromethane that was used for theback-extract was set aside and used to back-extract the aqueous phasesfrom the remaining citric acid washes. The main dichloromethane extractwas returned to the vessel and the citric acid washing process repeateduntil the pH of the aqueous phase was ≤2 (typically two further washes).The combined citric acid washes were back-extracted. The back-extractand main dichloromethane extract were then combined. The resultingdichloromethane solution was washed with 5% w/v NaHCO3 (100 mL), thedichloromethane phase was taken and washed with water (100 mL). Thedichloromethane phase was transferred to an evaporating vessel and ethylacetate (50 mL) was added and the solution concentrated to a syrup.

Ethyl acetate (150 mL) was added and the product dissolved by heating to55° C. with stirring. Petroleum ether 60-80 (200 mL) was added and thesolution re-heated to 55° C. and held for 5 min. The solution was cooledto 45° C. and seed crystals (30 mg) added, it was then cooled to 18° C.over 3 h with stirring and held at 18° C. for at least 1 h. The crystalswere collected by filtration and washed with ethyl acetate/petroleumether (1/2 v/v, 60 mL). Drying in vacuo afforded compound 4 (16.04 g,77% from 2). Expected Yield: 16.0 g (77% from Compound 2).

Synthesis of Compound 3.1

3-aminopropan-1-ol (7.01 g, 93 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (70 mL) andcooled to 0° C. Benzyl chloroformate (5.40 mL, 32 mmol) was dissolved inDCM (20 mL) and added dropwise keeping the internal reaction temp below10° C. Once complete, the flask was stirred at room temperature for 2 h.A sample removed for NMR analysis (IPC: 20

L+0.6 mL d6-DMSO) indicated that the benzyl chloroformate reagent hadbeen consumed. The product mixture was then washed with citric acid (10%w/w, 2×90 mL), water (90 mL) and brine (90 mL). The DCM (lower) layerwas then evaporated in a rotary evaporator at 40° C. bath temperature togive a slightly cloudy oil/liquid (6.455 g). This oil was dissolved inethyl acetate (7 mL), warming to 40° C. if necessary to dissolve anyprecipitated solid, and then allowed to cool to room temperature.Petroleum ether (4 mL) was added slowly to the stirring solution alongwith a seed crystal, at which point the product started crystallizingslowly. Once the majority of the product had precipitated, the finalportion of petroleum ether (17 mL) was then added slowly (total solventadded: ethyl acetate:petroleum ether 1:3, 21 mL). The product was thenfiltered under vacuum and washed with petroleum ether (5 mL) to give theproduct as a fine white powder (4.72 g). Expected Yield: ˜4.7 g (61%).

Synthesis of Compound 5

Compound 4 (1.05 g, 1.73 mmol) was dissolved in dry acetone (12 mL,0.06% w/w water) and water (39 μL, 2.15 mmol, 1.3 eq.) at ambienttemperature. The solution was then cooled to −10° C. NBS (0.639 g, 3.59mmol, 2.08 eq.) was added in one portion. An exotherm in the order of+7° C. was expected and the solution was then immediately re-cooled to−10° C. 15 minutes after the NBS addition, the reaction mixture wassubmitted for IPC (HPLC, pass condition less than 2.00 area % compound 4remaining). If the reaction was not complete, 1.00 eq. of NBS (0.307 g,1.73 mmol, 1.00 eq.) was added in one portion, the reaction was thenheld at −10° C. for another 15 minutes and a further IPC carried out.The reaction was quenched by adding aqueous NaHCO₃ (5% w/v, 5 mL) andcooling was stopped and the mixture allowed to warm to 10-20° C. duringthe following additions. After 3-5 minutes of stirring, further aqueousNaHCO₃ (5% w/v, 5 mL) was added and stirring continued for 5 minutes. Afinal aliquot of aqueous NaHCO₃ (5% w/v, 10 mL) was added with stirringfollowed by sodium thiosulfate (20% w/v, 5 mL). The mixture was stirredfor 20 min. at 10-20° C. and the solids were then collected byfiltration. The vessel was rinsed onto the filter pad with NaHCO₃ (5%w/v, 25 mL) and this rinse was filtered off. The filter cake was thenrinsed successively with NaHCO₃ (5% w/v, 25 mL) and then water (25 mL).The (still-damp) filter cake was dissolved in DCM (20 mL) and washedwith two lots of NaHCO₃ (5% w/v, 20 mL) and then once with water (20mL). The dichloromethane layer was dried by rotary evaporation and thendissolved in ethyl acetate (36 mL) at 65° C. Petroleum ether 60-80 (10mL) was then added slowly with stirring and the mixture cooled to 45° C.and stirred at 45° C. for 30 min. Additional petroleum ether 60-80 (22mL) was added with stirring and the stirred mixture cooled to 15° C.over 2 h. The product was collected by filtration, washed with petroleumether/ethyl acetate 2/1 v/v (20 mL) and then dried under vacuum to givecompound 5 (0.805 g, 83% yield, α and β anomers combined purity by HPLCwas 98%).

Synthesis of Compound 7

Compound 4 (500 mg) and intermediate 3.1 (211 mg, 1.2 eq.) were weighedinto a dry flask, toluene (5 mL) was added and the solution concentratedon a rotary evaporator (45° C. bath temperature). This was repeated oncemore before the starting materials were concentrated from anhydrous DCM(5 mL). Once all of the solvent was removed, the residual solid wasdried under vacuum for 10 minutes. Following drying, the startingmaterials were placed under argon, dissolved in anhydrous DCM (5.0 mL)and activated 4 Å molecular sieves (450 mg, pellet form) were added. Atthis point, the NIS reagent was placed under high-vacuum to dry. After10 minutes, the dried NIS (400 mg, 2.0 equivalents) was added and thesolution stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TMSOTf (8 μL, 5 mol%) was then added quickly, which results in the solution changing fromred/orange to a deep red/brown color. The reaction temperature also rosefrom 22 to 27° C. As soon as the TMSOTf was added an IPC was run forinformation only (HPLC; 10 μL into 1 mL MeCN—H₂O (8:2)). The reactionwas then quenched by the addition of pyridine (20 μL, 0.245 mmol) andstirred at ambient temperature for 5 minutes. The DCM solution wasfiltered to remove the molecular sieves and then washed with 10% Na2S2O3(3×5 mL), brine (5 mL) and then concentrated on a rotary evaporator (40°C. bath temperature) to give crude compound 7 as a foamy yellow oil (616mg). Expected Yield: ˜616 mg, (99%).

Synthesis of Compound 8

Crude compound 7 (16.6 g) was dried by evaporation from toluene (2×30mL) then from anhydrous DCM (30 mL) to produce a yellow foam/oil. Theflask was then placed under an argon atmosphere before anhydrous DCM(100 mL) and dry MeOH (260 mL) was added and the mixture stirred. Theflask was then cooled to 0° C. Acetyl chloride (3.30 mL, 2.0 eq.) wasadded dropwise while maintaining an internal temp of less than 10° C.Once addition was complete, the mixture was stirred at ambienttemperature for 16 hours. At this point an IPC was run (HPLC; 20 μL into1 mL MeCN, residual compound 7 no more than 3 area %). The flask wasthen cooled to 0° C. and the pH of the product solution adjusted to pH6.5-7.5 by the addition of N-methylmorpholine (7.0 mL total required).The product mixture was diluted with DCM (50 mL) and washed with H₂O(2×200 mL). The second H₂O wash was cloudy and contained target materialby TLC so this was back-extracted with DCM (50 mL). The combined DCMlayers were then washed with brine (8 mL) before being evaporated in arotary evaporator at 40° C. bath temperature to give an off-whitefoam/oil (˜16.8 g). This mixture was dissolved in 140 mL toluene (100mL+40 mL washings) and loaded onto a silica column (85 g silica) whichwas equilibrated with 3 column volumes (CV) of 30 vol % ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether. The column was eluted using a stepwise gradient,fractions of 1 CV (140 mL) were collected. The gradient used was:

30 vol % ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (3 CVs)

35 vol % ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (4 CVs)

40 vol % ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (9 CVs)

50 vol % ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (4 CVs)

60 vol % ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (3 CVs)

The product eluted over 12 fractions. All fractions were submitted toIPC (HPLC, NMT 1.50 area % of any impurity peak at 230 nm). The combinedfractions were evaporated in a rotary evaporator at 40° C. bathtemperature to give an off-white foam which solidified to afford 8 as acrunchy solid (10.45 g). Expected Yield: 10.45 g (66%).

Example 4—Synthesis of Disulfide (Compound 17)

Compound 17

The overall synthetic procedure for the synthesis of compound 17 isdescribed in the synthetic scheme below.

Synthesis of Compound 9

Compound 5 (1620 g, 1.18 eq.) and toluene (18 kg) were charged to a 50 LBüchi bowl in that order. The bowl was warmed in a water bath with asetting of 50±10° C. for 30 min. Evaporation was run under vacuum usinga water bath temperature of 50±10° C. until no more solvent distilled.The water bath was cooled to 20±10° C. Trichloroacetonitrile (7.1 kg, 21equiv.) and dry DCM (6.5 kg) were charged to the bowl under nitrogenatmosphere. A suspension of sodium hydride (5.6 g, 0.060 equiv.) in dryDCM (250 g) was charged to the bowl under nitrogen atmosphere. The bowlcontents were mixed by rotation for 1-2 h with a water bath temperatureof 20±10° C. Compound 5 dissolved during the reaction. The bowl contentswere sampled and submitted for reaction completion IPC (H¹ NMR,integrating triplet peak at 6.42 ppm (product) relative to triplet at6.35 ppm (starting material); pass condition ≤5% residual startingmaterial). Compound 3 (1360 g, 2.35 mol), dry DCM (12.3 kg) and powderedmolecular sieves 4 Å (136 g) were charged to the 50 L reactor in thatorder. The reactor contents were mixed for 24 h. The reactor contentswere sampled through a syringe filter and analyzed by Karl Fisher(AM-GEN-011, pass condition ≤0.03%w/w). After reaching the moisturethreshold (˜24 h), the reactor contents were adjusted to 0±5° C. Thecontents of the Büchi bowl were transferred to the reactor header asvolume allowed. A solution of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate(100 g, 0.18 eq.) in dry DCM (1250 g) was charged to the reactor under anitrogen atmosphere. The header contents were drained to the reactormaintaining the reactor contents at 0±10° C. throughout the addition.Addition took 15-20 min. Dry DCM (1250 g) was charged to the Büchi bowland then transferred to the reactor header. The header contents weredrained to the reactor maintaining the reactor contents at 0±10° C.throughout the addition. The reactor contents were stirred at 0±5° C.for 60 min. The reactor contents were sampled for reaction completionusing IPC (HPLC, pass criteria ≤5% starting material). The reaction wasquenched by charging N-methylmorpholine (85 g, 0.36 eq.) to the reactor.The reactor contents were sampled for quench completion using IPC(wetted pH paper, pass criteria ≥pH 7). Silica gel (4.9 kg) was chargedto the Büchi bowl. The reactor contents were transferred to the Büchibowl. Evaporation was run under vacuum using a water bath temperature of40±10° C. until no more solvent distilled. Silica gel (1.4 kg) wascharged to the Büchi bowl followed by dichloromethane (7.0 kg) used torinse the reactor. The bowl contents were rotated to ensure solids werenot adhered to the bowl surface. Evaporation was run under vacuum usinga water bath temperature of 40±10° C. until no more solvent distilled.The bowl contents were divided into three portions for silica gelchromatography. A 150 L KP-SIL cartridge was installed in the Biotagesystem. Ethyl acetate (7.8 kg) and petroleum ether (22 kg) were chargedto the 50 L reactor along with ⅓ of the reaction mixture adsorbed ontosilica gel, mixed thoroughly and then transferred to a Biotage solventreservoir. The solvent reservoir contents were eluted through the columnso as to condition the column. The eluent was collected in 20 L jerrycans and discarded. The column was run in three batches and each waseluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether as described below:

Ethyl acetate (1.6 kg) and Petroleum ether (4.4 kg) were charged to aBiotage solvent reservoir, mixed thoroughly and then eluted through thecolumn. Column run-off was collected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (25 kg) and Petroleum ether (26 kg) were charged to the 50L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (31 kg) and Petroleum ether (22 kg) were charged to the 50L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 5 L glass lab bottles.

Ethyl acetate (16 kg) was charged to a Biotage solvent reservoir andthen eluted through the column. Column run-off was collected in 20 Ljerry cans.

The column was repeated as above with the remaining two portions of dryload silica prepared.

The column fractions were sampled for product purity (TLC [10% acetonein toluene, Rf 0.5] to identify fractions with product. The acceptedcolumn fractions were combined and in a 100 L Büchi bowl. Toluene wasused to rinse any crystalline material from accepted fraction vesselsinto the bowl. Evaporation was run under vacuum using a water bathtemperature of 40±10° C. until no more solvent distilled. Toluene (1.7kg) was charged to the bowl and to contents rotated until the solidsdissolved. t-Butyl methyl ether (4.4 kg) was charged to the bowl over20-40 min. The bowl contents were rotated for 12-24 h at a temperatureof 20±5° C. The bowl contents were transferred to a 6 L Nutsche filterand the solvent removed by vacuum filtration. t-Butyl methyl ether (620g) was charged to the bowl, transferred to the Nutsche filter and passedthrough the filter cake. The filter cake was air dried in the filterthen transferred to a vacuum oven and dried at a setting of 30° C. undervacuum to remove residual solvent. The solid was sampled for analyticaland retention. The solid was transferred to screw-top Nalgene containersand stored at ≤−15° C. Expected Yield: 1.68-1.94 kg compound 9 (65-75%).

Synthesis of Compound 10

Reagents were prepared as follows: N-Iodosuccinimide (241 g, 2.20 eq.)was dried in a vacuum oven with a setting of 30° C. under vacuum for 24h. A solution of sodium chloride (300 g) in water (3000 g) was preparedin a 5 L lab bottle. A solution of sodium thiosulfate (1100 g) in water(6000 g) was prepared in a 50 L reactor and distributed into twoportions.

Compound 8 (355 g, 0.486 mol) and Compound 9 (634 g, 1.10 eq.) werecharged to a 20 L Büchi bowl followed by toluene (1500 g) and heated at40±5° C. until dissolved. Evaporation was run under vacuum using a waterbath temperature of 35±10° C. until no more solvent distilled. Toluene(1500 g) was charged to the Büchi bowl. Evaporation was run under vacuumusing a water bath temperature of 35±10° C. until no more solventdistilled. Dry dichloromethane (4000 g) was charged to the Büchi bowl.The bowl was rotated until the solids dissolved and the solution wastransferred to a 5 L reactor with a jacket temperature of 20° C.±5° C.Dry dichloromethane (710 g) was charged to the Büchi bowl. The bowl wasrotated to rinse the bowl surface and the solution was transferred tothe 5 L reactor. The reactor contents were sampled for reagent ratio IPC(H¹ NMR). Dried N-lodosuccinimide was charged to the reactor under anitrogen atmosphere and the reactor was stirred for 5-15 min. Thereactor contents were adjusted to 20° C.±3° C. Trimethylsilyltrifluoromethanesulfonate (5.94 g, 0.055 eq.) in dry DCM (60 g) wascharged to the reactor over 5-15 min. maintaining the contentstemperature at 20° C.±3° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20°C.±3° C. for 20±3 min. The reactor contents were sampled for reactioncompletion (HPLC). N-Methylmorpholine (98 g, 2 equiv.) was charged tothe reactor and mixed thoroughly. One of the portions of the sodiumthiosulfate solution prepared above was charged to the 50 L reactor. The5 L reactor contents were transferred to the 50 L reactor containing thesodium thiosulfate solution and mixed thoroughly. The bottom layer wasdischarged to a HDPE jerry can.

DCM (570 g) was charged to the 5 L reactor with the top layer from the50 L reactor and mixed thoroughly. The bottom layer was combined withthe previous bottom layer in the HDPE jerry can. The top layer wastransferred to a separate HDPE jerry can and retained until yield wasconfirmed. The combined organic phase (bottom layers) were charged tothe 50 L reactor followed by another portion of sodium thiosulfate andmixed thoroughly. The bottom layer was discharged to a HDPE jerry can.The top layer was retained in a HDPE jerry can until yield wasconfirmed. The sodium chloride solution was charged to the 50 L reactoralong with the organic phase (bottom layers) and mixed thoroughly.Silica gel (1300 g) was charged to a Büchi bowl and fitted with a rotaryevaporator. The bottom layer in the reactor was charged to the Büchibowl. The bowl contents were rotated to prevent adsorption onto the bowland evaporated under vacuum using a water bath temperature of 40±5° C.until no more solids distilled. The bowl contents were divided into twoequal portions. Silica gel (200 g) was charged to the Büchi bowlfollowed by dichloromethane (700 g). The bowl contents were rotated toensure solids did not adhere to the bowl surface. The bowl wasevaporated under vacuum at a water bath temperature of 40° C.±10° C.until no more solvent distilled. The bowl contents were divided into twoportions and a portion was added to each of the previous silica gelsamples.

Each portion was purified independently on silica gel using thefollowing procedure (samples were stored at ≤15° C. while awaitingpurification): A 150 L KP-SIL cartridge was installed in the Biotagesystem. Ethyl acetate (15.5 kg) and petroleum ether (16.5 kg) werecharged to the 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly and then transferred totwo Biotage solvent reservoirs. The solvent reservoirs contents wereeluted through the column so as to condition the column. The eluent wascollected in 20 L jerry cans and discarded. A portion of the dry loadsilica from above was charged to the Biotage Sample-Injection Module(SIM) and then eluted with the ethyl acetate/petroleum ether as follows:

Ethyl acetate (6.2 kg) and Petroleum ether (6.6 kg) were charged to a 50L reactor, mixed thoroughly and then transferred to a Biotage solventreservoir. Column run-off was collected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (19.5 kg) and Petroleum ether (19.2 kg) were charged tothe 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (13.6 kg) and Petroleum ether (12.3 kg) were charged tothe 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (14.2 kg) and Petroleum ether (11.9 kg) were charged tothe 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (29.7 kg) and Petroleum ether (22.9 kg) was charged to aBiotage solvent reservoir and then eluted through the column. Columnrun-off was collected in 20 L jerry cans up to fraction 11 and then 5 LHDPE jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (15.5 kg) and Petroleum ether (11.0 kg) was charged to aBiotage solvent reservoir and then eluted through the column. Columnrun-off was collected in 5 L HDPE jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (29.7 kg) and Petroleum ether (13.2 kg) was charged to aBiotage solvent reservoir and then eluted through the column. Columnrun-off was collected in 5 L HDPE jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (15.5 kg) was charged to a Biotage solvent reservoir andthen eluted through the column. Column run-off was collected in 5 L HDPEjerry cans.

Column fractions were sampled for product purity (TLC to identifyfractions with product). Fractions that were 75-95% area compound 10from the first two columns were combined in a Büchi bowl charged withsilica gel (400 g) and evaporation was run under vacuum using a waterbath temperature of 40±10° C. until no more solvent distilled. Thecontents of the bowl were purified as follows: A 150 L KP-SIL cartridgewas installed in the Biotage system. Ethyl acetate (15.5 kg) andpetroleum ether (16.5 kg) were charged to the 50 L reactor, mixedthoroughly and then transferred to two Biotage solvent reservoirs. Thesolvent reservoirs contents were eluted through the column so as tocondition the column. The eluent was collected in 20 L jerry cans anddiscarded. The bowl contents were charged to the BiotageSample-Injection Module (SIM) and then eluted with the ethylacetate/petroleum ether as follows:

Ethyl acetate (6.2 kg) and Petroleum ether (6.6 kg) were charged to a 50L reactor, mixed thoroughly and then transferred to a Biotage solventreservoir. Column run-off was collected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (19.5 kg) and Petroleum ether (19.2 kg) were charged tothe 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (13.6 kg) and Petroleum ether (12.3 kg) were charged tothe 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (14.2 kg) and Petroleum ether (11.9 kg) were charged tothe 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (29.7 kg) and Petroleum ether (22.9 kg) was charged to aBiotage solvent reservoir and then eluted through the column. Columnrun-off was collected in 20 L jerry cans up to fraction 11 and then 5 LHDPE jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (15.5 kg) and Petroleum ether (11.0 kg) was charged to aBiotage solvent reservoir and then eluted through the column. Columnrun-off was collected in 5 L HDPE jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (29.7 kg) and Petroleum ether (13.2 kg) was charged to aBiotage solvent reservoir and then eluted through the column. Columnrun-off was collected in 5 L HDPE jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (15.5 kg) was charged to a Biotage solvent reservoir andthen eluted through the column. Column run-off was collected in 5 L HDPEjerry cans.

The accepted column fractions from all three columns were combined in aBüchi bowl and evaporation was run under vacuum using a water bath withtemperature of 40° C.±10° C. until no more solvent distilled. Thecontents of the bowl was sampled for analytical and retention. The bowlwas sealed and transferred to storage at ≤−15° C. Expected Yield:440-540 kg (52-64% yield).

Synthesis of Compound 11

Dichloromethane was charged to a Büchi bowl containing compound 10 (635g, 0.345 mol) (PN0699) and heated at 30±10° C. until dissolved. Methanol(3.2 kg) was charged to the bowl. The content of the bowl were adjustedto 0±3° C. Acetyl chloride (54.1 g, 2 equiv.) in dichloromethane (660 g)was charged to the bowl maintaining the contents temperature at 0±10° C.The bowl contents were adjusted to 20±3° C. and the mixture was stirredfor 40-48 h. The bowl contents were sampled for reaction completion IPC(HPLC, pass). The bowl contents were adjusted to 0±3° C.N-methylmorpholine (139 g, 4 equiv.) was charged to the bowl and mixedthoroughly. The bowl contents were sampled for quench completion IPC (pHpaper, pass ≤pH7). The bowl contents were concentrated under vacuum withwater bath at 35±10° C. Ethyl acetate (4.8 kg) and water (5.5 kg) werecharged to the Büchi bowl and rotated to dissolve the bowl contents. Thebowl contents were transferred to a 50 L reactor and mixed thoroughly.The bottom layer was drained to a HDPE jerry can. The top layer wastransferred to a Büchi bowl fitted with a rotary evaporator and thecontents were concentrated under vacuum with a water bath at 35±10° C.The bottom layer from the HDPE jerry can was charged to a 50 L reactorwith ethyl acetate (1.5 kg) and mixed thoroughly. The bottom layer wasdrained to a HDPE jerry can and held until yield was confirmed. The toplayer was transferred to the Büchi bowl fitted with a rotary evaporatorand the contents were concentrated under vacuum with a water bath at35±10° C. The contents of the bowl were sampled for analytical andretention. The bowl was sealed and transferred to storage at ≤−15° C.Expected Yield: 518-633 kg (90-110% yield).

Synthesis of Compound 12

Reagents were prepared as follows: Two portions of N-Iodosuccinimide(143 g, 3.90 eq.) were dried in a vacuum oven with a setting of 30° C.under vacuum for 24 h. A solution of sodium chloride (450 g) in water(1850 g) was prepared in a 5 L lab bottle and distributed to 2approximately equal portions. A solution of sodium thiosulfate (230 g)in water (2080 g) was prepared in a 5 L lab bottle and distributed to 4approximately equal portions.

Compound 9 (504 g, 1.30 eq.) was charged to a 50 L Büchi bowl containingcompound 11 (607 g, 0.327 mol) followed by toluene (1500 g) and heatedat 40±5° C. until dissolved. Evaporation was run under vacuum using awater bath temperature of 35±10° C. until no more solvent distilled.Toluene (1500 g) was charged to the Büchi bowl. Evaporation was rununder vacuum using a water bath temperature of 35±10° C. until no moresolvent distilled. Dry DCM (2400 g) was charged to the Büchi bowl. Thebowl was rotated until the solids dissolved and half the solutiontransferred to the 5 L reactor with a jacket temperature of 20° C.±5° C.The second half of the solution was transferred to a 5 L lab bottle. DryDCM (710 g) was charged to the Büchi bowl. The bowl was rotated to rinsethe bowl surface and half the solution was transferred to the 5 Lreactor. The other half was charged to the 5 L lab bottle above andstored under nitrogen for use in the second batch. A portion of driedN-Iodosuccinimide was charged to the reactor under a nitrogenatmosphere. The reactor contents were adjusted to −40° C.±3° C.Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (9.09 g, 0.25 effective equiv.)in dry dichloromethane (90 g) was charged to the reactor over 15 min.maintaining the contents temperature at −40° C.±5° C. The reactionmixture was stirred at −40° C.±3° C. for 30 ±5 min. then adjusted to−30° C.±3° C. over and stirred for 150 min. The reactor contents weresampled for reaction completion. N-Methylmorpholine (33.1 g, 2 effectiveeq.) was charged to the reactor and mixed thoroughly. One of theportions of the sodium thiosulfate solution prepared above was chargedto the 5 L reactor and mixed thoroughly. The bottom layer was dischargedto a 5 L lab bottle. DCM (400 g) was charged to the 5 L reactor andmixed thoroughly. The bottom layer was combined with the previous bottomlayer in a 5 L lab bottle. The combined organic phases were charged tothe 5 L reactor followed by another portion of sodium thiosulfate andmixed thoroughly. The bottom layer was discharged to a 5 L lab bottle. Aportion of sodium chloride solution from above was charged to thereactor followed by the content of the previous lab bottle. The bottomlayer in the reactor was charged to the Büchi and evaporated undervacuum using a water bath temperature of 40±10° C. until no more solventdistilled. The reactor was cleaned and dried.

The second portion of compound 9 and compound 11 were charged to thereactor and treated identically to first batch. Following organicextraction of the second batch, the reaction mixtures were combined inthe reactor. A portion of sodium chloride solution was charged to thereactor and mixed thoroughly. Silica gel (1700 g) was charged to a Büchibowl and fitted to a rotavapor. The bottom layer in the reactor wascharged to the Büchi and evaporated under vacuum using a water bathtemperature of 40±10° C. until no more solvent distilled. The bowlcontents were divided into two portions purified independently on silicagel. A 150 L KP-SIL cartridge was installed in the Biotage system(commercially available from Biotage, a division of Dyax Corporation,Charlottesville, Va., USA). Ethyl acetate (7.7 kg) and petroleum ether(22.0 kg) were charged to the 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly and thentransferred to two Biotage solvent reservoirs. The solvent reservoirscontents were eluted through the column so as to condition the column.The eluent was collected in 20 L jerry cans and discarded. A portion ofthe dry load silica from above was charged to the BiotageSample-Injection Module (SIM) and then eluted with the ethylacetate/petroleum ether as follows:

Ethyl acetate (1.5 kg) and Petroleum ether (4.4 kg) were charged to aHDPE jerry can, mixed thoroughly and then transferred to a Biotagesolvent reservoir. Column run-off was collected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (18.6 kg) and Petroleum ether (8.8 kg) were charged to the50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (19.2 kg) and Petroleum ether (8.4 kg) were charged to the50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (29.7 kg) and Petroleum ether (11.9 kg) were charged tothe 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (15.5 kg) was charged to a Biotage solvent reservoir andthen eluted through the column. Column run-off was collected in 5 Lglass lab bottles.

Column fractions were sampled for product purity (TLC to identifyfractions with product). Fractions that were 75-95% area compound 12from the first two columns were combined in a Büchi bowl charged withsilica gel (400 g) and evaporation was run under vacuum using a waterbath temperature of 40±10° C. until no more solvent distilled. Ethylacetate (7.7 kg) and petroleum ether (22.0 kg) were charged to the 50 Lreactor, mixed thoroughly and then transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs. The solvent reservoirs contents were eluted through thecolumn so as to condition the column. The eluent was collected in 20 Ljerry cans and discarded. The dry load silica containing the impureproduct was charged to the Biotage Sample-Injection Module (SIM) andthen eluted as detailed below:

Ethyl acetate (1.5 kg) and Petroleum ether (4.4 kg) were charged to the50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly and then transferred to a Biotage solventreservoir. Column run-off was collected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (19.2 kg) and Petroleum ether (8.4 kg) were charged to the50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (18.6 kg) and Petroleum ether (8.8 kg) were charged to the50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (29.7 kg) and Petroleum ether (11.9 kg) were charged tothe 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly, transferred to two Biotage solventreservoirs and then eluted through the column. Column run-off wascollected in 20 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (15.5 kg) was charged to a Biotage solvent reservoir andthen eluted through the column. Column run-off was collected in 5 Lglass lab bottles.

Column fractions were sampled for product purity (TLC to identifyfractions with product, HPLC pass criteria ≥95% compound 12 and nosingle impurity >2.5%). The accepted column fraction from all threecolumns were combined in a Büchi bowl and evaporation was run undervacuum using a water bath temperature of 40±10° C. until no more solventdistilled. The contents of the bowl was sampled for analytical andretention. Bowl was sealed and transferred to storage at ≤−15° C.Expected Yield: 494-584 kg (52-64% yield).

Synthesis of Compound 13

Glacial acetic acid (7.5 kg) and ethyl acetate (6.5 kg) were combined ina suitable container and labeled as “GAA/EA solution”. Sodiumbicarbonate (0.5 kg) was dissolved in RO water (10 kg) and labelled as“5% w/w sodium bicarbonate solution.” Palladium on activated carbon (100g, specifically Johnson Matthey, Aliso Viejo, Calif., USA, Product No.A402028-10) and GAA/EA solution (335 g) was charged into a reactionvessel in that order. Compound 12 (270 g) was dissolved in GAA/EAsolution (1840 g) and transferred to a 50 L reaction vessel. Thesolution was purged of oxygen by pressurization with nitrogen to 10 barand then released. This was repeated twice more. The reactor contentswere pressurized under hydrogen to 10 bar and then released. Thereaction mixture was hydrogenated at 20 bar H₂ for 1.5 days. Thepressure was then released and the solution purged of hydrogen bypressurization with nitrogen to 10 bar and then release. This wasrepeated once. Reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite(300 g). The celite cake was washed with GAA/EA solution (2×5.5 kg).Filtrates were combined and evaporated under vacuum (bath temperature40±5° C.). The residue was co-evaporated with ethyl acetate (2.3 kg) intwo portions. The expected weight of the crude product was ˜316 g. ABiotage system was equipped with 150 M KP-SIL cartridge with a 5 LSample Injection Module (SIM). Ethyl acetate (10.6 kg) and glacialacetic acid (1.4 kg) were charged to the 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughlyand then transferred to a Biotage solvent reservoir. The contents of thesolvent reservoir were eluted through the column so as to condition thecolumn. The eluent was discarded. The crude product was dissolved inethyl acetate (422 g) and glacial acetic acid (55 g). The resultingsolutions were charged to the SIM and passed onto the column. Thereaction mixture was chromatographed as follows:

Ethyl acetate (13.8 kg) and glacial acetic acid (1.8 kg) were charged tothe 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly and then transferred to a Biotagesolvent reservoir.

The contents of the solvent reservoir were eluted through the SIM ontothe column and the eluent was collected in a 20 L jerry can.

Ethyl acetate (10.3 kg), glacial acetic acid (1.3 kg) and methanol (206g) were charged to the 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly and thentransferred to a Biotage solvent reservoir.

The contents of the solvent reservoir were eluted through the column andthe eluent was collected in a 5 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (6.6 kg), glacial acetic acid (0.9 kg) and methanol (340g) were charged to the 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly and thentransferred to a Biotage solvent reservoir.

The contents of the solvent reservoir were eluted through the column andthe eluent was collected in ˜2.5 L fractions in 5 L jerry cans.

Ethyl acetate (31.4 kg), glacial acetic acid (4.1 kg) and methanol (3.4kg) were charged to the 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly and thentransferred to a Biotage solvent reservoir.

The contents of the solvent reservoir were eluted through the column andthe eluent was collected in 5 L jerry cans.

Fractions containing compound 13 were combined and evaporated undervacuum (bath temperature 40±5° C.). Residue was dissolved in ethylacetate (3.1 kg) and washed with 5% w/w sodium bicarbonate solution (9.3kg), ensuring the pH of the aqueous medium was ≥8. The ethyl acetatephase was evaporated under vacuum (bath temperature 40±5° C.). Thecontents of the bowl was sampled for analytical and retention. ExpectedYield: 182-207 g (71-81%).

Synthesis of Compound 16

Dry dichloromethane (2.5 kg) was charged to a Büchi bowl containingcompound 13 (211 g, 76.5 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and rotated without heatinguntil dissolved. A solution of (2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)4-acetylsulfanylbutanoate (25.8 g, 99.4 mmol, 1.30 equiv) in drydichloromethane (200 g) was added to the Büchi bowl. The bowl wasrotated for 1 hr at ambient temperature followed by concentration undervacuum with a water bath temperature of 40±5° C. Toluene (0.8 kg) wasadded to the bowl and removed under vacuum with a water bath temperatureof 40±5° C. twice. Toluene (0.8 kg) was added to the residue todissolve. Silica gel (557 g) was loaded into the reaction vessel andsolvents were removed under vacuum with a water bath temperature of40±5° C. A Biotage system was equipped with a 150 M KP- SIL cartridgewith a 5 L Sample Injection Module (SIM). Toluene (10.1 kg) and acetone(1.0 kg) were charged to the 50 L reactor, mixed thoroughly and thentransferred to a Biotage solvent reservoir (Solvent A). The reactionmixture was purified as follows:

Solvent A was eluted through the column so as to condition the column.The eluent was discarded.

Dry loaded silica gel was transferred to the SIM.

Toluene (9.6 kg) and acetone (1.5 kg) were charged to the 50 L reactor,mixed thoroughly and then transferred to a Biotage solvent reservoir(Solvent B).

Solvent B was eluted through the column and the eluent was collected in5 L jerry cans.

Toluene (53.6 kg) and acetone (12.2 kg) were charged to the 50 Lreactor, mixed thoroughly and then transferred to Biotage solventreservoirs (Solvent C).

Solvent C was eluted through the column and the eluent is collected in 5L jerry cans.

Toluene (8.4 kg) and acetone (2.6 kg) were charged to the 50 L reactor,mixed thoroughly and then transferred to a Biotage solvent reservoir(Solvent D).

Solvent D was eluted through the column and the eluent was collected ina 5 L jerry cans.

Toluene (23.4 kg) and acetone (9.2 kg) were charged to the 50 L reactor,mixed thoroughly and then transferred to a Biotage solvent reservoir(Solvent E).

Solvent E was eluted through the column and the eluent was collected ina 5 L jerry cans.

Fractions containing compound 16 (pass criteria ≥90% compound 16 and nosingle impurity >2.5%) were combined and evaporated under vacuum (bathtemperature 40±5° C.). The residue was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (4.4kg) and concentrated under vacuum with a water bath temperature of 40±5°C. The contents of the bowl were sampled for analytical and retention.Expected Yield: 169-192 g (76-86%).

Synthesis of Compound 17

The reactor was marked at the 2.5 L, 3.5 L and 3.9 L levels beforestarting and fit with a vacuum controller. Dichloromethane was chargedto a Büchi Bowl containing 140 g of compound 16 and transferred to theReactor Ready vessel. Two rinses of DCM (333 g) were used to transferthe contents of the Büchi bowl into the Reactor Ready vessel. Ethanol(2.50 kg) was added to the reactor ready. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated to the 2.5 L mark (target vacuum 250 mbar). Ethanol (1.58kg) was added to the reactor ready and concentrated to the 3.5 L mark.The reaction was diluted to the 3.9 L mark with ethanol. Reactorcontents were placed under inert gas by applying a partial vacuum andreleasing with nitrogen. A slow flow of nitrogen was maintained duringthe reaction. Hydrazine monohydrate (1.13 kg, 1.11 L) was charged to the5 L Reactor Ready vessel under a nitrogen atmosphere. The temperatureramp was set to: initial temp 20° C., final temp 60° C., with a lineartemperature ramp over 50 min (0.8 deg/min) and active control on thecontents of the reactor. The vessel temperature was held at 60° C. for45 min. The cooling ramp temperature was set to: -2 deg/min, with thefinal temp 20° C. The contents were discharged to suitable HDPE jugs andweights determined. Equal amounts were transferred to 8 polypropylenecentrifuge containers with FEP encapsulated seals. Each centrifugecontainer was charged with ethanol (750 g) and agitated for 30 min atambient. The containers were centrifuged (5300 RCF, 15° C., 30 min).Residual hydrazine on the outside of the containers was removed byrinsing the outside of the bottles with acetone then water before takingout of fume hood. The supernatant in the centrifuge containers wasdecanted and the residual pellet was dissolved in Low Endotoxin water(LE water) (1960 g) and transferred to a 5 L Reactor Ready vessel. Thecontents were agitated at medium speed while bubbling air through thesolution using a dispersion tube approximately 15-20 min for every 1.5hrs. The reaction was then stirred overnight at 20° C. in a closedvessel. Once IPC indicated free pentamer composition was below 3% (area% of the total reported) the reaction was considered complete.Filtration (using a P3 sintered glass funnel and 5 L Buchner flask) wasrequired if there were any insoluble material present in reactionmixture. Contents of the reactor were freeze-dried in 2 Lyoguard trays.The shelf temperature was set at −0.5° C. for 16-20 h and then at 20° C.until dry. Freeze-dried product was dissolved in LE water (840 g) anddivide equally between 6 centrifuge bottles. Acetone (630 g) was addedto each container agitated for 15 minutes. Isopropanol (630 g percontainer) was added to each container and agitation continued for 20min. Contents were centrifuged at 5300 RCF at 15° C., for 1 h. Thesupernatants were discarded and each pellet was dissolved in water byadding LE water (140 g) to each container and then agitating the mixtureat ambient using an orbital shaker until the pellets dissolved. Acetone(630 g) was added to each container and agitated for 15 minutes.Isopropanol (630 g per container) was added to each container andagitation continued for 20 min. The contents were centrifuged at 5300RCF at 15° C., for 1 h. The supernatants were discarded and each pelletwas dissolved in water by adding LE water (100 g) followed by agitationat ambient. The solutions were transferred to a Lyoguard tray andbottles were rinsed with more LE water (66 g each) and the rinses weretransferred to the same tray. The product was freeze-dried by settingthe shelf temperature at −0.5° C. for 16-20 h and then at 20° C. untildry. Freeze-dried product was sampled for analytical and retention. TheLyoguard Tray was double-bagged, labelled and stored in the freezer(≤−15° C.). The potency of freeze-dried product was determined usingqHNMR. This procedure afforded Crude Penta Dimer 17. Expected Yield:26.1-35.5 g (61-83%).

The identity of the compound 17 was determined by ¹H and ¹³C NMR using a500 MHz instrument. A reference solution of t-butanol was prepared at 25mg/mL in D₂O. Samples were prepared at 13 mg/mL in D₂O and the referencesolution is added to the sample. The composition of the final testsample was 10 mg/mL of the Penta Dimer and 5 mg/mL of t-butanol. The ¹Hand ¹³C spectra were acquired and integrated. The resulting chemicalshifts were assigned by comparison to theoretical shifts. The ¹H NMR and¹³C NMR spectra are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 respectively.

Example 5—Conversion of Crude Penta Dimer to Free Base Form

Amberlite FPA91 (1.46 kg; 40 g/g of Crude Penta Dimer—corrected forpotency) was charged to a large column. A solution of 8 L of 1.0 M NaOHwas prepared by adding NaOH (320 g) to LE water (8.00 kg) in a 10 LSchott Bottle. This solution was passed through Amberlite resin over aperiod of 1 hour. LE water (40.0 kg) was passed through the Amberliteresin. The resin was flushed with additional LE water (˜10 kg aliquots)until a pH of <8.0 was attained in the flow-through. The crude PentaDimer (49 g, PN0704), stored in a Lyoguard tray, was allowed to warm toambient temperature. LE water (400 g) was added to the Lyoguard traycontaining Crude Penta Dimer (49 g) and allowed to fully dissolve beforetransferring to a 1 L Schott bottle. The tray was rinsed with a furthercharge of LE water (200 g) and these washings were added to the Schottbottle contents. The Crude Penta Dimer solution was carefully pouredonto the top of the resin. The 1 L Schott bottle was rinsed with LEwater (200 g) and loaded this onto the resin. The Amberlite tap wasopened to allow the Crude Penta Dimer solution to move slowly into theresin over ˜5 min. The tap was stopped and material left on the resinfor ˜10 min. LE water was poured onto the top of the resin. The tap wasopened and eluted with LE water, collecting approximately 16 fractionsof 500 mL. Each fraction was analyzed by TLC charring (10% H₂SO₄ inEtOH). All carbohydrate containing fractions were combined and filteredthrough a Millipore filter using a 0.2 μm nylon filter membrane. Thesolution was divided equally between 5-6 Lyoguard trays. The filtrationvessel was rinsed with LE water (100 g) and divided between the trays.The material was freeze dried in the trays. The shelf temperature wasset at −10° C. for 16-20 hr and then at +10° C. until the material wasdry. LE water (150 g) was charged to all but one of the Lyoguard traysand transferred this into the one remaining tray containing driedmaterial. Each of the empty trays was rinsed with a further charge of LEwater (100 g) and this rinse volume was added to the final Lyoguardtray. The final Lyoguard tray was freeze dried. The shelf temperaturewas set at −10° C. for 16-20 hr and then at +10° C. until the materialsdry. The product was sampled for analytical and retention. Driedmaterial was transferred to HDPE or PP containers and stored at ≤−15° C.Expected yield: 31-34 g (86-94%).

TCEP reduction of the disulfide bond in the dimer is rapid and nearlystoichiometric. Use of a stoichiometric reduction with TCEP affordedapproximately 2 equivalents of glucosamine pentasaccharide monomer.Specifically, the pentasaccharide dimer was dissolved in reaction buffer(50 mM HEPES buffer (pH 8.0)) containing 1 molar equivalent of TCEP.After 1 hour at ambient temperature, the reaction was analyzed by HPLCwith CAD detection. Under these conditions, conversion to thepenta-glucosamine monomer (peak at ˜10 minutes) was nearly complete(penta glucsamine dimer peak at ˜11.5 minutes)—See FIG. 4. The remainingunannotated peaks were derived from the sample matrix. Based on thebalanced chemical equation, the added TCEP was largely converted to TCEPoxide and any residual TCEP inhibited air oxidation back to the dimerprior to addition to the conjugation reaction. For simplicity,glucosamine pentasaccharide can be added based on input dimer andassuming >95% conversion to the monomer under these conditions.

The identity of the Penta Dimer was determined by ¹H and ¹³C NMR using a500 MHz instrument. A reference solution of t-butanol was prepared at 25mg/mL in D₂O. Samples were prepared at 13 mg/mL in D₂O and the referencesolution was added to the sample. The composition of the final testsample was 10 mg/mL of the Penta Dimer and 5 mg/mL of t-butanol. The ¹Hand ¹³C spectra were acquired and integrated. The resulting chemicalshifts are assigned by comparison to theoretical shifts. ¹H and ¹³C NMRspectra are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 respectively.

Example 5—Conversion to the Penta Saccharide Monomer of Example 4 withthe TT-Linker of Example 2 to Provide for a Vaccine of this Invention(Compound 18)

The TT monomer-linker intermediate of Example 2 was reacted withincreasing concentrations of 4-70 pentameric glucosamine molarequivalents (2-35 pentasaccharide dimer molar equivalents) for 4 hoursat ambient temperature. The crude conjugates from each titration pointwere purified by partitioning through a 30 kDa MWCO membrane. Eachpurified conjugate sample was analyzed for protein content, payloaddensity by SEC-MALS and monomer/aggregate content by SEC HPLC. The datashowed saturation of the payload density at ≥50 pentameric glucosamineequivalents. Based on the SEC HPLC analysis, the aggregate contentincreased as the pentasaccharide monomer charge was increased andappeared to reach steady state levels of an approximately 4% increasestarting at 30 pentameric glucosamine equivalents. Based on theseresults, the pentasaccharide dimer charge selected for subsequentconjugation reactions was 25 molar equivalents, corresponding to atheoretical charge of 50 molar equivalents of pentameric glucosamine.

A series of three trial syntheses followed by a GMP synthesis ofcompound 18 were prepared as per above. Each of the resulting productswas evaluated for potency (by ELISA assay) and payload density (molarratio of pentameric glucosamine to tetanus toxoid). The following tableprovides the results.

Trial Trial No. Trial GMP No. 1 2 No. 3 Run Payload Density of 35 38 3635 Compound 18 Potency of 94% 101% 87% 98% Compound 18

These results evidence very high loading factors for the compounds ofthis invention. The foregoing description has been set forth merely toillustrate the invention and is not meant to be limiting. Sincemodifications of the described embodiments incorporating the spirit andthe substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art,the invention should be construed broadly to include all variationswithin the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof.

Example 6 Tetanus Toxoid Purification By Size Exclusion Chromatograpy

Aliquots of concentrated Tetanus Toxoid were purified by chromatographyon a GE Healthcare 2.6×60 cm Superdex 200 column eluting with 10 mMNaHCO3/150 mM NaCl (pH 9.0) at 2.0 mL/minute. Individual fractions (4.0mL) were pooled based on analytical SEC-HPLC testing. Based on thepurity of the TT-monomer preparation obtained under these conditions(2.0 mL sample/0.6% of bed volume), the Superdex 200 charge volume wassuccessfully increased by a factor of 2 (4.0 mL sample/1.2% of bedvolume) without significant change to the resolution. This changeeffectively reduced the number of chromatography cycles required forpurification. The SEC pool containing desired quality of TT-monomer wasconcentrated/buffer exchanged using the Amicon Ultra-15 Ultracel 30 kDaregenerated cellulose centrifugal filters. The purified TT was bufferexchanged into 50 mM HEPES (pH 8.0) buffer for conjugation studies.

What is claimed is:
 1. A vaccine composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable excipient and an effective amount of avaccine that comprises at least 10 and preferably from about 10 to about40 oligomeric-β-(1→6)-glucosamine groups linked units onto a tetanustoxoid carrier via a linker said oligomer comprises from 3 to 12repeating β-(1→6)-glucosamine units provided that less than about 40number percent of the total number of such units are N-acetylatedwherein said vaccine composition comprises less than about 3 percent ofdetectable impurities having a molecular weight of less than about100,000; further wherein said composition comprises monomeric anddimeric toxoid with less than 5 percent of detectable higher oligomers,still further wherein said composition is maintained at a temperaturesufficient to inhibit oligomerization of the toxoid in the vaccine whilenot inducing denaturation.
 2. A vaccine composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable excipient and an effective amount of avaccine that comprises at least 25 and preferably from about 30 to about40 oligomeric-β-(1→6)-glucosamine groups linked units onto a tetanustoxoid carrier via a linker said oligosaccharide groups comprise from 3to 12 repeating β-(1→6)-glucosamine units provided that less than about40 number percent of the total number of such units are N-acetylatedwherein said vaccine composition comprises less than 3 percent ofdetectable impurities having a molecular weight of less than 50,000;further wherein said composition comprises monomeric and dimeric toxoidwith less than 5 percent of detectable higher oligomers, still furtherwherein said composition is maintained at a temperature sufficient toinhibit oligomerization of the toxoid while not inducing denaturation.3. A vaccine composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient and an effective amount of a vaccine compound of formula I:(A-B)_(x)-C   I where A comprises from 3 to 12 repeatingβ-(1→6)-glucosamine units or mixtures thereof having the formula:

B is of the formula:

where the left side of the formula is attached to C and the right sideis attached to A; and C is tetanus toxoid; x is an integer from about 10to about 40; y is an integer from 1 to 10; and R is hydrogen or acetylprovided that no more than 40% of the R groups are acetyl, wherein saidcomposition comprises less than 3 percent of detectable impuritieshaving a molecular weight of about 100,000 or less wherein said weightpercent is based on the weight of vaccine compound, and further whereinsaid composition comprises monomeric and dimeric toxoid with less thanabout 5 percent of detectable higher oligomers, still further whereinsaid composition is maintained at a temperature sufficient to inhibitoligomerization of the toxoid while not inducing denaturation.
 4. Thevaccine composition according to claim 3, wherein the compound offormula I is represented by formula II:(A′-B)_(x)-C   II where A′ is a penta-β-(1→6)-glucosamine (carbohydrateligand) group of the formula:

and B, C and x are as defined above.